So can anyone tell me how I build a filter rule on an ethernet interface that says the equivalent of “Let anything with a dst-address in the 10.0.0.0/16 range in and forward it but drop everything else.”
It is obvious.
Firewall/filter rules are applied in the order of their appearance.
Put rules to allow your desired traffic, and then put rules to drop everything else.
( careful though, so not to lock you out by this. If it happens, connect by mac - telnet, mac-winbox to restore.)
So it would be like this:
first rule: allow traffic for xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/y
second rule : drop traffic NOT for xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/y
The simple way. Your firewall should be more complex, this is the essence.