Port mapping
If you would like to direct requests for a certain port to an internal machine (sometimes called opening a port, port mapping), you can do it like this:
This rule translates to: when an incoming connection requests TCP port 1234, use the DST-NAT action and redirect it to local address 192.168.1.1 and the port 1234
Depends. By default all traffic is permitted. If you put rules in place that drop traffic, you might have to open those ports pack up. If you didn’t you should be fine.
I use Apache in my internal servers, and I use the logs in them. Is there a reason you don’t want to use those? They are more detailed than you could expect in the router.
ADD: Bear in mind only the destination ip is translated on inbound packets. The source address is unaltered, and they will show in your server logs.