Hmm... how is it irrelevant if it's Windows?
On other operating systems than Windows you can specify just the interface as a gateway even on multipoint interfaces like Ethernet, and the IP stack learns the actual router (gateway device) from the ICMP advertisements sent by routers in the subnet. So it could be that the modem advertises itself as a router, and if it is the only one, everything runs smooth; if the Mikrotik is there as well, it may advertise itself too and cause some confusion. The only problem here is I have never noticed Mikrotik to send those ICMP advertisements. But since it is a Windows machine and you've configured the gateway as an IP address, that cannot be it.
I am guessing that it is a router since on the other ports it's handing out private IP addresses and running NAT on them. I'm not even sure you can do bridge mode with a cable provider can you? At least with these guys they always give you a single IP /30 subnet or /29 if you're getting a larger subnet like our church has.
Forget that - I forgot about the DHCP when thinking what may possibly go wrong with the public subnet.
Have you tried the reverse test, running the speed test on a dynamic client behind the MT while the laptop with the static public IP was also connected to the modem (not running a speedtest too, just being connected alongside)?
I have not tried this... what app could I run on a Windows machine to accomplish this.. I would assume the speedtest would use the built-in speed testing capability of the MT?
I'm not sure I get you now. You use some application (or a script on a web page) to do the speedtest on the laptop, and I've supposed you use the same app/web page on some other laptop connected to the 3011 while the 3011 is a DHCP client at its WAN. So I suggest this test merely to see whether the problem are any two devices connected to the modem's LAN or the 3011 in particular (adding the 3011 alongside the laptop ruins the speedtest on the laptop with the public IP, so maybe adding the laptop with public IP ruins the speedtest running on the device behind the 3011 too).
The speedtesting capability of RouterOS is not compatible with the common TCP download/TCP upload speedtests like the ookla (speedtest.net) one, you need two Mikrotiks to test against each other, so it's not relevant for this case.
One unpleasant explanation would be that some malware lives in the 3011, clever enough to exhaust the available bandwidth but give priority to LAN traffic to remain unnoticed.
I did at one point completely wipe out the router and reconfigure it to test... also upgrading to a new version of the OS. I'm not sure if malware would survive that or not. It would have to be really clever I would think - not to say that it couldn't be easily reinstalled if it was an un-fixed exploit.
The only sure thing is a netinstall as it wipes the flash completely. Some malware can survive configuration erasure and possibly even RouterOS upgrade.
If I were on site, I would capture the LAN using Wireshark on the laptop with the public IP with and without the Mikrotik connected, and I'd also mirror the WAN port of the Mikrotik to an unused port on the same switch chip and sniff on it using Wireshark on another laptop while the speedtest would be running on the laptop with the public IP, simultaneously with sniffing on the latter, to see what's going on at both. Either there is additional traffic from the internet exhausting the bandwidth, or some broadcast flood blocking the modem's LAN, or some MAC address conflict causing part of the traffic not to reach the laptop with public IP. I cannot imagine anything else as of now.