When your MTU towards internet is limited (e.g. at the router provided by the ISP) to less than 1500 byte MTU it is certainly advisable to set that MTU on the ethernet interface towards internet (assuming that is how you connect it). That will tell the router to fragment larger packets.
Also, in that case add this rule to your mangle table when not already there (well, it looks like you already have it, but for others reading this):
/ip firewall mangle
add action=change-mss chain=forward new-mss=clamp-to-pmtu passthrough=yes \
protocol=tcp tcp-flags=syn
That will tell the router to modify the MSS field in TCP SYN packets so that the advertised MSS corresponds with the MTU value set on the ethernet interface.
It will not work for UDP, but outgoing UDP DNS requests usually are smaller than that. When you have issues, it is more likely to affect TCP. The UDP issues should be fixed when using the corrected MTU on the internet interface.
Also, when you have IPv6, make sure you set the correct MTU in the IPv6->ND rule(s) active on your router.